xior
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    xior

    Build Size npm version Downloads typescript

    A lite http request lib based on fetch with plugin support and similar API to axios.

    Features:

    • 🔥 Use fetch
    • 🫡 Similar axios API: axios.create / axios.interceptors / .get/post/put/patch/delete/head/options
    • 🤙 Supports timeout, canceling requests, and nested query encoding
    • 🥷 Supports plugins: error retry, deduplication, throttling, cache, error cache, mock, and custom plugins
    • 🚀 Lightweight (~6KB, Gzip ~3kb)
    • 👊 Unit tested and strongly typed 💪
    # npm
    npm install xior

    # pnpm
    pnpm add xior

    # bun
    bun add xior

    # yarn
    yarn add xior

    Since v0.2.1, xior supports UMD format

    Use jsDelivr CDN:

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.get('https://exmapledomain.com/api').then((res) => {
    console.log(res.data);
    });
    </script>

    Use unpkg CDN:

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    xior.get('https://exmapledomain.com/api').then((res) => {
    console.log(res.data);
    });
    </script>
    import xior from 'xior';

    export const xiorInstance = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://apiexampledomain.com/api',
    headers: {
    // put your common custom headers here
    },
    });

    GET / POST / DELETE / PUT / PATCH / OPTIONS / HEAD

    GET

    HEAD / DELETE / OPTIONS are same usage with GET method

    async function run() {
    const { data } = await xiorInstance.get('/');

    // with params and support nested params
    const { data: data2 } = await xiorInstance.get('/', { params: { a: 1, b: 2, c: { d: 1 } } });

    // with headers
    const { data: data3 } = await xiorInstance.get('/', {
    params: { a: 1, b: 2 },
    headers: {
    'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
    },
    });

    // types
    const { data: data4 } = await xiorInstance.get<{ field1: string; field2: number }>('/');
    }

    POST

    PUT/PATCH methods are same usage with POST

    async function run() {
    const { data: data3 } = await xiorInstance.post<{ field1: string; field2: number }>(
    '/',
    { a: 1, b: '2' },
    {
    params: { id: 1 },
    headers: {},
    }
    );
    }
    import xior from 'xior';

    export const xiorInstance = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://apiexampledomain.com/api',
    });

    function setAccessToken(token: string) {
    // xiorInstance.defaults.params['x'] = 1;
    xiorInstance.defaults.headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${token}`;
    }

    function removeUserToken() {
    // delete xiorInstance.defaults.params['x'];
    delete xiorInstance.defaults.headers['Authorization'];
    }
    import xior from 'xior';

    const xiorInstance = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://apiexampledomain.com/api',
    });

    const { data, headers } = await xiorInstance.get('/');

    console.log(headers.get('X-Header-Name'));

    xior supports file uploads using the FormData API and provides an optional 'xior/plugins/progress' plugin for simulating upload progress, usage similar to Axios.

    import Xior from 'xior';
    import uploadDownloadProgressPlugin from 'xior/plugins/progress';

    const http = Xior.create({});

    http.plugins.use(
    uploadDownloadProgressPlugin({
    progressDuration: 5 * 1000,
    })
    );

    const formData = FormData();
    formData.append('file', fileObject);
    formData.append('field1', 'val1');
    formData.append('field2', 'val2');

    http.post('/upload', formData, {
    onUploadProgress(e) {
    console.log(`Upload progress: ${e.progress}%`);
    },
    // progressDuration: 10 * 1000
    });

    xior supports interceptors similar to Axios, allowing you to modify requests and handle responses programmatically.

    Request interceptors:

    import xior, { merge } from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create({
    // ...options
    });

    http.interceptors.request.use((config) => {
    const token = localStorage.getItem('REQUEST_TOKEN');
    if (!token) return config;

    return merge(config, {
    headers: {
    Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
    },
    });
    });

    // One more interceptors for request
    http.interceptors.request.use((config) => {
    return config;
    });

    async function getData() {
    const { data } = await http.get('/');
    console.log(data);
    return data;
    }

    Response interceptors:

    import xior, { merge } from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create({});

    http.interceptors.response.use(
    (result) => {
    const { data, request: config, response: originalResponse } = result;
    return result;
    },
    async (error) => {
    if (error instanceof TypeError) {
    console.log(`Request error:`, error);
    }
    if (error?.response?.status === 401) {
    localStorage.removeItem('REQUEST_TOKEN');
    }
    return Promise.reject(error);
    }
    );

    async function getData() {
    const { data } = await http.get('/');
    console.log(data);
    return data;
    }
    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create({});

    // Cleanup request interceptors
    const handler1 = http.interceptors.request.use((config) => {
    return config;
    });
    http.interceptors.request.eject(handler1);
    // Cleanup all request interceptors
    // http.interceptors.request.clear()

    // Cleanup response interceptors
    const handler2 = http.interceptors.response.use((res) => {
    return res;
    });
    http.interceptors.response.eject(handler2);
    // Cleanup all response interceptors
    // http.interceptors.response.clear()

    Timeout:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const instance = xior.create({
    timeout: 120 * 1000, // set default timeout
    });

    await instance.post(
    'http://httpbin.org',
    {
    a: 1,
    b: 2,
    },
    {
    timeout: 60 * 1000, // override default timeout 120 * 1000
    }
    );

    Cancel request:

    import xior from 'xior';
    const instance = xior.create();

    const controller = new AbortController();

    xiorInstance.get('http://httpbin.org', { signal: controller.signal }).then((res) => {
    console.log(res.data);
    });

    class CancelRequestError extends Error {}
    controller.abort(new CancelRequestError()); // abort request with custom error

    See 3. How can I use custom fetch implementation or How to support proxy feature?

    In xior, the default response parser is this:

    let data = response.text();
    if (data) {
    try {
    data = JSON.parse(data);
    } catch (e) {}
    }
    return data;

    But maybe we don't want to do it this way; instead, we want to parse the data based on the content-type from response's headers. So, we can do it this way:

    import axios from 'xior';

    const http = Xior.create({
    baseURL,
    responseType: 'custom', // Tell xior no need to parse body
    });

    // Define content type matchers as [responseMethod, [regexpPatterns]]
    const typeMatchers = [
    ['json', [/^application\/.*json$/, /^$/]],
    ['text', [/^text\//, /^image\/svg\+xml$/, /^application\/.*xml$/]],
    // ['arrayBuffer', [/^application\/octet-stream/]],
    ] as const;

    http.interceptors.response.use(
    async (res) => {
    try {
    if (res.config.responseType !== 'custom') return res;

    const { response } = res;
    const headers = response?.headers;
    if (!response || headers.get('Content-Length') === '0') return res;

    const contentType = headers.get('Content-Type')?.split(';')?.[0]?.trim() || '';

    // Find matching response method using the typeMatchers array
    const matchedType = typeMatchers.find(([_, patterns]) =>
    patterns.some((pattern) => pattern.test(contentType))
    );

    if (matchedType) {
    const [method] = matchedType;
    res.data = await response[method]();
    } else {
    console.warn(`Unknown Content-Type: ${contentType}`);
    }

    return res;
    } catch (error) {
    console.error('Interceptor error:', error);
    return Promise.reject(error);
    }
    },
    (error) => Promise.reject(error)
    );

    We can use interceptors easily to handle encrypt/decrypt.

    Create encryption.ts:

    // encryption.ts
    export const SECRET = '&*&*^SDxsdasdas776';

    export function encrypt(data: string) {
    return data + '____' + SECRET;
    }

    export function decrypt(data: string, s?: string) {
    return data.replace('____' + (s || SECRET), '');
    }

    Create xior-instance.ts:

    import xior from 'xior';

    import { SECRET, encrypt, decrypt } from './encryption';

    export const instance = xior.create();

    instance.interceptors.request.use((req) => {
    req.headers['X'] = SECRET;

    if (req.url && req.data) {
    const result = JSON.stringify(req.data);
    const blob = encrypt(result);
    req.data = { blob };
    }

    return req;
    });

    instance.interceptors.response.use((res) => {
    if (res.request.url && res.data?.blob) {
    res.data = decrypt(res.data.blob);
    try {
    res.data = JSON.parse(res.data);
    } catch (e) {
    console.error(e);
    }
    }
    return res;
    });

    Check test code in tests/src/tests/encrypt-decrypt/

    How do we achieve this? By using Xior's plugins:

    1. If a GET request fails, allow retries for a second chance at success.
    2. If retries still fail, return cached data (if available) to prevent page crashes or error pages.
    3. Deduplicate GET requests to avoid redundant calls.
    4. Throttle GET requests to control request frequency.
    5. For large data that isn’t needed in real-time (like i18n JSON files), serve cached data first and fetch updates in the background. Example code:
    import xior, { XiorError as AxiosError } from 'xior';
    import errorRetryPlugin from 'xior/plugins/error-retry';
    import dedupePlugin from 'xior/plugins/dedupe';
    import throttlePlugin from 'xior/plugins/throttle';
    import errorCachePlugin from 'xior/plugins/error-cache';

    // Setup
    const http = axios.create({
    baseURL: 'http://localhost:3000',
    });
    http.plugins.use(errorRetryPlugin());
    http.plugins.use(errorCachePlugin());
    http.plugins.use(dedupePlugin()); // Prevent same GET requests from occurring simultaneously.
    http.plugins.use(throttlePlugin()); // Throttle same `GET` request in 1000ms

    // 1. If `GET` data error, at least have chance to retry;
    // 2. If retry still error, return the cache data(if have) to prevent page crash or show error page;
    const res = await http.get('/api/get-data'); // these will retry if have error
    if (res.fromCache) {
    console.log(`the data from cahce`, res.cacheTime);
    }

    // 3. Dedupe the same `GET` requests, this will only sent 1 real request
    await Promise.all([
    http.get('/api/get-data-2'),
    http.get('/api/get-data-2'),
    http.get('/api/get-data-2'),
    ]);

    // 4. Throttle the `GET` requests,
    // we want throttle some larget data request in 10s, default is 1s
    http.get('/api/get-some-big-data', { threshold: 10e3 });

    // 5. If have cache data, return the cache data first,
    // and run the real request in background
    http.get('/api/get-some-big-data', { threshold: 10e3, useCacheFirst: true });

    xior offers a variety of built-in plugins to enhance its functionality:

    Usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import errorRetryPlugin from 'xior/plugins/error-retry';
    import throttlePlugin from 'xior/plugins/throttle';
    import cachePlugin from 'xior/plugins/cache';
    import uploadDownloadProgressPlugin from 'xior/plugins/progress';

    const http = xior.create();

    http.plugins.use(errorRetryPlugin());
    http.plugins.use(throttlePlugin());
    http.plugins.use(cachePlugin());
    http.plugins.use(uploadDownloadProgressPlugin());

    Retry the failed request with special times

    API:

    function errorRetryPlugin(options: {
    retryTimes?: number;
    retryInterval?: number | ((errorCount: number) => number);
    enableRetry?: boolean | (config: XiorRequestConfig, error: XiorError | Error) => boolean | undefined;
    onRetry?: (config: XiorRequestConfig, error: XiorError | Error, count: number) => void;
    }): XiorPlugin;

    The options object:

    Param Type Default value Description
    retryTimes number 2 Set the retry times for failed request
    retryInterval number | ((errorCount: number, config: XiorRequestConfig, error: XiorError) => number) 3000 After first time retry, the next retries interval time, default interval is 3 seconds; you can use function as param to return interval number too
    enableRetry boolean | ((config: XiorRequestConfig, error: XiorError | Error) => boolean | undefined) (config, error) => config.method === 'GET' || config.isGet Default only retry if GET request error and retryTimes > 0
    onRetry boolean | ((config: XiorRequestConfig, error: XiorError | Error, count: number) => void) undefined For log retry info

    Basic usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import errorRetryPlugin from 'xior/plugins/error-retry';

    const http = xior.create();
    http.plugins.use(
    errorRetryPlugin({
    retryTimes: 3,
    // retryInterval: 3000,
    retryInterval(count, config, error) {
    // if (error.response?.status === 500) return 10e3;
    return count * 1e3;
    },
    onRetry(config, error, count) {
    console.log(`${config.method} ${config.url} retry ${count} times`);
    },
    // enableRetry(config, error) {
    // if ([401, 400].includes(error.response?.status)) { // no retry when status is 400 or 401
    // return false;
    // }
    // // no return or return `undefined` here, will reuse the default `enableRetry` logic
    // },
    })
    );

    // if request error, max retry 3 times until success
    http.get('/api1');

    // if request error, will not retry, because `retryTimes: 0`
    http.get('/api2', { retryTimes: 0 });

    // if POST request error, will not retry
    http.post('/api1');

    // Use `enableRetry: true` to support post method, max retry 5 times until success
    http.post('/api1', null, { retryTimes: 5, enableRetry: true });

    Advance usage:

    The retry key for the unique request generated by use params and data, if your request depends on headers, you can add request interceptor to add headers's value to params:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import errorRetryPlugin from 'xior/plugins/error-retry';

    const http = xior.create();
    http.plugins.use(errorRetryPlugin());

    http.interceptors.request.use((config) => {
    config.params['___k'] = `${config.headers['x-custom-field'] || ''}`;
    return config;
    });

    Use CDN:

    Using jsDelivr CDN:

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>
    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/plugins/error-retry.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorErrorRetry());
    </script>

    Using unpkg CDN:

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/plugins/error-retry.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorErrorRetry());
    </script>

    Throttle GET requests(or custom) most once per threshold milliseconds, filter repeat requests in certain time.

    API:

    function throttleRequestPlugin(options: {
    /** threshold in milliseconds, default: 1000ms */
    threshold?: number;
    /**
    * check if we need enable throttle, default only `GET` method or`isGet: true` enable
    */
    enableThrottle?: boolean | ((config?: XiorRequestConfig) => boolean | undefined);
    throttleCache?: ICacheLike<RecordedCache>;
    onThrottle?: (config: XiorRequestConfig) => void;
    throttleItems?: number;
    }): XiorPlugin;

    The options object:

    You can override default value in each request's own config (Except throttleCache)

    Param Type Default value Description
    threshold number 1000 The number of milliseconds to throttle request invocations to
    enableThrottle boolean | ((config: XiorRequestConfig) => boolean | undefined) (config) => config.method === 'GET' || config.isGet Default only enabled in GET request
    throttleCache CacheLike lru(100) CacheLike instance that will be used for storing throttled requests, use tiny-lru module
    throttleItems number 100 The max number of throttle items in the default LRU cache

    Basic usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import throttlePlugin from 'xior/plugins/throttle';

    const http = xior.create();
    http.plugins.use(
    throttlePlugin({
    onThrottle(config) {
    console.log(`Throttle requests ${config.method} ${config.url}`);
    },
    })
    );

    http.get('/'); // make real http request
    http.get('/'); // response from cache
    http.get('/'); // response from cache
    http.get('/', { throttle: 2e3 }); // custom throttle to 2 seconds

    http.post('/'); // make real http request
    http.post('/'); // make real http request
    http.post('/'); // make real http request

    http.post('/', null, {
    enableThrottle: true,
    }); // make real http request
    http.post('/', null, {
    enableThrottle: true,
    }); // response from cache
    http.post('/', null, {
    enableThrottle: true,
    }); // response from cache

    // make post method as get method use `{isGet: true}`,
    // useful when some API is get data but the method is `post`
    http.post('/get', null, {
    isGet: true,
    }); // make real http request
    http.post('/get', null, {
    isGet: true,
    }); // response from cache
    http.post('/get', null, {
    isGet: true,
    }); // response from cache

    Use CDN:

    Using jsDelivr CDN:

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>
    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/plugins/throttle.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorThrottle());
    </script>

    Using unpkg CDN:

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/plugins/throttle.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorThrottle());
    </script>

    Prevents having multiple identical requests on the fly at the same time.

    API:

    function dedupeRequestPlugin(options: {
    /**
    * check if we need enable dedupe, default only `GET` method or`isGet: true` enable
    */
    enableDedupe?: boolean | ((config?: XiorRequestConfig) => boolean);
    onDedupe?: (config: XiorRequestConfig) => void;
    }): XiorPlugin;

    Basic usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import dedupePlugin from 'xior/plugins/dedupe';

    const http = xior.create();
    http.plugins.use(
    dedupePlugin({
    onDedupe(config) {
    console.log(`Dedupe ${config.method} ${config.url}`);
    },
    })
    );

    http.get('/'); // make real http request
    http.get('/'); // response from previous if previous request return response
    http.get('/'); // response from previous if previous request return response

    http.post('/'); // make real http request
    http.post('/'); // make real http request
    http.post('/'); // make real http request

    Use CDN:

    Using jsDelivr CDN:

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>
    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/plugins/dedupe.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorDedupe());
    </script>

    Using unpkg CDN:

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/plugins/dedupe.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorDedupe());
    </script>

    When request error, if have cached data then use the cached data

    API:

    function errorCachePlugin(options: {
    enableCache?: boolean | ((config?: XiorRequestConfig) => boolean | undefined);
    defaultCache?: ICacheLike<XiorPromise>;
    useCacheFirst?: boolean;
    }): XiorPlugin;

    The options object:

    Param Type Default value Description
    enableCache boolean | ((config: XiorRequestConfig) => boolean | undefined) (config) => config.method === 'GET' || config.isGet Default only enabled in GET request
    defaultCache CacheLike lru(100, 0) will used for storing requests by default, except you define a custom Cache with your request config, use tiny-lru module
    useCacheFirst boolean false If useCacheFirst: true and there's a cache, it will return the cached response first, then run fetching task on the background. This is useful when the response takes a long time, and the data is unnecessary in real-time.
    cacheItems number 100 The max number of error cache items in the default LRU cache

    Basic usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import errorCachePlugin from 'xior/plugins/error-cache';

    const http = xior.create();
    http.plugins.use(errorCachePlugin({}));

    http.get('/users'); // make real http request, and cache the response
    const res = await http.get('/users'); // if request error, use the cache data
    if (res.fromCache) {
    // if `fromCache` is true, means data from cache!
    console.log('data from cache!');
    console.log('data cache timestamp: ', res.cacheTime);
    // and get what's the error
    console.log('error', res.error);
    }

    http.post('/users'); // no cache for post

    http.post('/users', { isGet: true }); // but with `isGet: true` can let plugins know this is `GET` behavior! then will cache data

    Use CDN:

    Using jsDelivr CDN:

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>
    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/plugins/error-cache.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorErrorCache());
    </script>

    Using unpkg CDN:

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/plugins/error-cache.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorErrorCache());
    </script>

    Makes xior cacheable

    Good to Know: Next.js already support cache for fetch in server side. More detail

    Different with error-cache plugin: this plugin will use the data in cache if the cache data not expired.

    API:

    function cachePlugin(options: {
    enableCache?: boolean | ((config?: XiorRequestConfig) => boolean);
    defaultCache?: ICacheLike<XiorPromise>;
    cacheItems?: number;
    }): XiorPlugin;

    The options object:

    Param Type Default value Description
    enableCache boolean | ((config: XiorRequestConfig) => boolean | undefined) (config) => config.method === 'GET' || config.isGet Default only enabled in GET request
    defaultCache CacheLike lru(100, 1000*60*5) will used for storing requests by default, except you define a custom Cache with your request config, use tiny-lru module
    cacheItems number 100 Custom the default LRU cache numbers
    cacheTime number 1000 * 60 * 5 Custom the default LRU cache time

    Basic usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import cachePlugin from 'xior/plugins/cache';

    const http = xior.create();
    http.plugins.use(
    cachePlugin({
    cacheItems: 100,
    cacheTime: 1e3 * 60 * 5,
    })
    );

    http.get('/users'); // make real http request
    http.get('/users'); // get cache from previous request
    http.get('/users', { enableCache: false }); // disable cache manually and the real http request

    http.post('/users'); // default no cache for post

    // enable cache manually in post request
    http.post('/users', { enableCache: true }); // make real http request
    const res = await http.post('/users', { enableCache: true }); // get cache from previous request
    if (res.fromCache) {
    // if `fromCache` is true, means data from cache!
    console.log('data from cache!', res.cacheKey, res.cacheTime);
    }

    Advanced:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import cachePlugin from 'xior/plugins/cache';
    import { lru } from 'tiny-lru';

    const http = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://example-domain.com/api',
    headers: { 'Cache-Control': 'no-cache' },
    });
    http.plugins.use(
    cachePlugin({
    // disable the default cache
    enableCache: false,
    cacheItems: 1000,
    cacheTime: 1e3 * 60 * 10,
    })
    );

    http.get('/users', { enableCache: true }); // manually enable cache for this request
    http.get('/users', { enableCache: true }); // get cache from previous request

    const cacheA = lru(100);
    // a actual request made and cached due to force update configured
    http.get('/users', { enableCache: true, defaultCache: cacheA, forceUpdate: true });

    How to persist cache data to the filesystem to prevent loss after a server restart?

    For more details, refer to this GitHub issue: GitHub issue 33

    Enable upload and download progress like axios, but the progress is simulated, This means it doesn't represent the actual progress but offers a user experience similar to libraries like axios.

    API:

    function progressPlugin(options: {
    /** default: 5*1000 ms */
    progressDuration?: number;
    }): XiorPlugin;

    The options object:

    Param Type Default value Description
    progressDuration number 5000 The upload or download progress grow to 99% duration

    Basic usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import uploadDownloadProgressPlugin from 'xior/plugins/progress';

    const http = xior.create({});
    http.plugins.use(uploadDownloadProgressPlugin());

    const formData = FormData();
    formData.append('file', fileObject);
    formData.append('field1', 'val1');
    formData.append('field2', 'val2');

    http.post('/upload', formData, {
    // simulate upload progress to 99% in 10 seconds, default is 5 seconds
    progressDuration: 10 * 1000,
    onUploadProgress(e) {
    console.log(`Upload progress: ${e.progress}%`);
    },
    // onDownloadProgress(e) {
    // console.log(`Download progress: ${e.progress}%`);
    // },
    });

    Use CDN:

    Using jsDelivr CDN:

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>
    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/plugins/progress.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorProgress());
    </script>

    Using unpkg CDN:

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/plugins/progress.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    xior.plugins.use(xiorProgress());
    </script>

    This plugin let you eaisly mock requests

    Usage:

    with GET:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import MockPlugin from 'xior/plugins/mock';

    const instance = xior.create();
    const mock = new MockPlugin(instance);

    // Mock any GET request to /users
    // arguments for reply are (status, data, headers)
    mock.onGet('/users').reply(
    200,
    {
    users: [{ id: 1, name: 'John Smith' }],
    },
    {
    'X-Custom-Response-Header': '123',
    }
    );

    instance.get('/users').then(function (response) {
    console.log(response.data);
    console.log(response.headers.get('X-Custom-Response-Header')); // 123
    });

    // Mock GET request to /users when param `searchText` is 'John'
    // arguments for reply are (status, data, headers)
    mock.onGet('/users', { params: { searchText: 'John' } }).reply(200, {
    users: [{ id: 1, name: 'John Smith' }],
    });

    instance.get('/users', { params: { searchText: 'John' } }).then(function (response) {
    console.log(response.data);
    });

    with POST:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import MockPlugin from 'xior/plugins/mock';

    const instance = xior.create();
    const mock = new MockPlugin(instance);

    // Mock any POST request to /users
    // arguments for reply are (status, data, headers)
    mock.onPost('/users').reply(
    200,
    {
    users: [{ id: 1, name: 'John Smith' }],
    },
    {
    'X-Custom-Response-Header': '123',
    }
    );

    instance.post('/users').then(function (response) {
    console.log(response.data);
    console.log(response.headers.get('X-Custom-Response-Header')); // 123
    });

    // Mock POST request to /users when param `searchText` is 'John'
    // arguments for reply are (status, data, headers)
    mock.onPost('/users', null, { params: { searchText: 'John' } }).reply(200, {
    users: [{ id: 1, name: 'John Smith' }],
    });

    instance.get('/users', null, { params: { searchText: 'John' } }).then(function (response) {
    console.log(response.data);
    });

    // Mock POST request to /users when body `searchText` is 'John'
    // arguments for reply are (status, data, headers)
    mock.onPost('/users', { searchText: 'John' }).reply(200, {
    users: [{ id: 1, name: 'John Smith' }],
    });

    instance.get('/users', { searchText: 'John' }).then(function (response) {
    console.log(response.data);
    });

    More details, check here.

    Use CDN:

    Using jsDelivr CDN:

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>
    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/xior@0.7.7/plugins/mock.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    const mock = new xiorMock(xior);
    </script>

    Using unpkg CDN:

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/dist/xior.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Load plugin -->
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/xior@0.7.7/plugins/mock.umd.js"></script>

    <!-- Usage -->
    <script>
    console.log(xior.VERSION);

    const mock = new xiorMock(xior);
    </script>

    We will use xior-auth-refresh plugin from the community: https://github.com/Audiu/xior-auth-refresh

    Install:

    npm install xior-auth-refresh --save
    # or
    yarn add xior-auth-refresh
    # or
    pnpm add xior-auth-refresh

    Usage:

    import xior from 'xior';
    import createAuthRefreshInterceptor from 'xior-auth-refresh';

    // Function that will be called to refresh authorization
    const refreshAuthLogic = (failedRequest) =>
    xior.post('https://www.example.com/auth/token/refresh').then((tokenRefreshResponse) => {
    localStorage.setItem('token', tokenRefreshResponse.data.token);
    failedRequest.response.config.headers['Authorization'] =
    'Bearer ' + tokenRefreshResponse.data.token;
    return Promise.resolve();
    });

    // Instantiate the interceptor
    createAuthRefreshInterceptor(xior, refreshAuthLogic);

    // Make a call. If it returns a 401 error, the refreshAuthLogic will be run,
    // and the request retried with the new token
    xior.get('https://www.example.com/restricted/area').then(/* ... */).catch(/* ... */);

    More: https://github.com/Audiu/xior-auth-refresh

    Usage:

    import xior, { XiorResponse } from 'xior';
    import errorRetry from 'xior/plugins/error-retry';
    import setupTokenRefresh from 'xior/plugins/token-refresh';

    const instance = xior.create();

    const TOKEN_KEY = 'TOKEN';
    function getToken() {
    return localStorage.getItem(TOKEN_KEY);
    }
    function setToken(token: string) {
    return localStorage.setItem(TOKEN_KEY, token);
    }
    function deleteToken() {
    return localStorage.getItem(TOKEN_KEY);
    }

    instance.interceptors.request.use((config) => {
    const token = getToken();
    if (token) {
    config.headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${token}`;
    }
    return config;
    });

    function shouldRefresh(response: XiorResponse) {
    const token = getToken();
    return Boolean(token && response?.status && [401, 403].includes(response.status));
    }
    instance.plugins.use(
    errorRetry({
    enableRetry: (config, error) => {
    if (error?.response && shouldRefresh(error.response)) {
    return true;
    }
    // return false
    },
    })
    );
    setupTokenRefresh(http, {
    shouldRefresh,
    async refreshToken(error) {
    try {
    const { data } = await http.post('/token/new');
    if (data.token) {
    setToken(data.token);
    } else {
    throw error;
    }
    } catch (e) {
    // something wrong, delete old token
    deleteToken();
    return Promise.reject(error);
    }
    },
    });

    xior let you easily to create custom plugins.

    Here are examples:

    1. Simple Logging plugin:
    import xior from 'xior';

    const instance = xior.create();
    instance.plugins.use(function logPlugin(adapter, instance) {
    return async (config) => {
    const start = Date.now();
    const res = await adapter(config);
    console.log('%s %s %s take %sms', config.method, config.url, res.status, Date.now() - start);
    return res;
    };
    });
    1. Check built-in plugins get more inspiration:

    Check src/plugins

    import xior from 'xior';
    import errorRetryPlugin from 'xior/plugins/error-retry';
    const http = xior.create();

    const pluginHandler = http.plugins.use(errorRetryPlugin());
    http.plugins.eject(pluginHandler);

    // Cleanup all plugins
    // http.plugins.clear()

    xior has built-in helper functions, may useful for you:

    import lru from 'tiny-lru';
    import {
    encodeParams,
    merge as deepMerge,
    delay as sleep,
    buildSortedURL,
    isAbsoluteURL,
    joinPath,
    isXiorError,
    trimUndefined,
    Xior,
    } from 'xior';

    xior frequently asked questions.

    No, but xior offers a similar API like axios: axios.create / axios.interceptors / .get/post/put/patch/delete/head/options.

    The most common change is replacing axios with xior and checking if the TypeScript types pass:

    import axios, {
    XiorError as AxiosError,
    isXiorError as isAxiosError,
    XiorRequestConfig as AxiosRequestConfig,
    XiorResponse as AxiosResponse,
    } from 'xior';

    const instance = axios.create({
    baseURL: '...',
    timeout: 20e3,
    });

    Yes, xior works anywhere where the native fetch API is supported. Even if the environment doesn't support fetch, you can use a fetch polyfill like for older browsers.

    For Tauri or Taro: check 3. How can I use custom fetch implementation or How to support proxy feature?

    To support proxy feature or custom fetch implementation, we can use node-fetch, nodejs undici, or @tauri-apps/plugin-http module's fetch implementation to replace the built-in fetch.

    For example undici:

    npm install undici
    
    import { fetch as undiciFetch, FormData, Agent, type RequestInit as RequestInit_ } from 'undici';

    /** For TypeScript types **/
    declare global {
    interface RequestInit extends RequestInit_ {}
    }

    /** Create Agent **/
    const agent = new Agent({
    connections: 10,
    });

    const xiorInstance = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://example.com',
    fetch: undiciFetch,
    dispatcher: agent,
    });

    For example node-fetch:

    # For ESM module
    npm install node-fetch

    # For CommonJS module
    # npm install node-fetch@v2.7.0
    # npm install @types/node-fetch -D
    import nodeFetch, { RequestInit as RequestInit_ } from 'node-fetch';
    import http from 'node:http';
    import https from 'node:https';

    /** For TypeScript types **/
    declare global {
    interface RequestInit extends RequestInit_ {}
    }

    /** Create Agent **/
    const httpAgent = new http.Agent({
    keepAlive: true,
    });
    const httpsAgent = new https.Agent({
    keepAlive: true,
    });

    const xiorInstance = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://example.com',
    fetch: nodeFetch,
    // agent: httpAgent,
    agent(_parsedURL) {
    if (_parsedURL.protocol === 'http:') {
    return httpAgent;
    } else {
    return httpsAgent;
    }
    },
    });

    Use @tauri-apps/plugin-http's fetch implementaion in Tauri:

    import { fetch } from '@tauri-apps/plugin-http';
    import xior from 'xior';

    export const http = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://www.tauri.app',
    fetch,
    });

    async function test() {
    const { data } = await http.get('/');
    return data;
    }

    For Taro:

    import { fetch } from 'taro-fetch-polyfill';
    import xior from 'xior';

    // fetch('https://api.github.com')
    // .then(response => response.json())
    // .then(console.log);

    export const http = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://github.com/NervJS/taro',
    fetch,
    });

    async function test() {
    const { data } = await http.get('/');
    return data;
    }

    When {responseType: 'blob'| 'arraybuffer'}:

    xior.get('https://exmaple.com/some/api', { responseType: 'blob' }).then((response) => {
    console.log(response.data); // response.data is a Blob
    });

    // Same with
    fetch('https://exmaple.com/some/api')
    .then((response) => response.blob())
    .then((data) => {
    console.log(data); // is a Blob
    });
    xior.get('https://exmaple.com/some/api', { responseType: 'arraybuffer' }).then((response) => {
    console.log(response.data); // response.data is a ArrayBuffer
    });

    // Same with
    fetch('https://exmaple.com/some/api')
    .then((response) => response.arraybuffer())
    .then((data) => {
    console.log(data); // is a ArrayBuffer
    });

    But when responseType set to 'stream', 'document', 'custom' or 'original', Xior will return the original fetch response and res.data will be undefined:

    fetch('https://exmaple.com/some/api').then((response) => {
    console.log(response);
    });

    // same with
    xior.get('https://exmaple.com/some/api', { responseType: 'stream' }).then((res) => {
    console.log(res.response); // But res.data will be undefined
    });

    And to handle a stream response, use the responseType: 'stream' option in your request, then do something with the response as fetch does:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create({ baseURL });

    const { response } = await http.post<{ file: any; body: Record<string, string> }>(
    '/stream/10',
    null,
    { responseType: 'stream' }
    );
    const reader = response.body!.getReader();
    let chunk;
    for await (chunk of readChunks(reader)) {
    console.log(`received chunk of size ${chunk.length}`);
    }

    You can use a polyfill for the fetch API. Check the file src/tests/polyfill.test.ts for a potential example.

    The original name axior was unavailable on npm, so when removed the "a": axior.

    If you have any questions, feel free to create issues.

    The most common change is replacing axios with xior and checking if the TypeScript types pass:

    import axios, {
    XiorError as AxiosError,
    isXiorError as isAxiosError,
    XiorRequestConfig as AxiosRequestConfig,
    XiorResponse as AxiosResponse,
    } from 'xior';

    const instance = axios.create({
    baseURL: '...',
    timeout: 20e3,
    });

    axios:

    import axios from 'axios';

    // Make a request for a user with a given ID
    axios.get('/user?ID=12345');

    // Optionally the request above could also be done as
    axios.get('/user', {
    params: {
    ID: 12345,
    },
    });

    // Want to use async/await? Add the `async` keyword to your outer function/method.
    async function getUser() {
    try {
    const response = await axios.get('/user?ID=12345');
    console.log(response);
    } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
    }
    }

    xior:

    import axios from 'xior';

    // Make a request for a user with a given ID
    axios.get('/user?ID=12345');

    // Optionally the request above could also be done as
    axios.get('/user', {
    params: {
    ID: 12345,
    },
    });

    // Want to use async/await? Add the `async` keyword to your outer function/method.
    async function getUser() {
    try {
    const response = await axios.get('/user?ID=12345');
    console.log(response);
    } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
    }
    }

    POST

    axios:

    import axios from 'axios';

    axios.post('/user', {
    firstName: 'Fred',
    lastName: 'Flintstone',
    });

    xior:

    import axios from 'xior';

    axios.post('/user', {
    firstName: 'Fred',
    lastName: 'Flintstone',
    });

    axios:

    import axios from 'axios';

    await axios({ method: 'get', params: { a: 1 } });

    xior:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const axios = xior.create();

    await axios.request({ method: 'get', params: { a: 1 } });

    axios:

    import axios from 'axios';
    const instance = axios.create({
    baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
    timeout: 1000,
    headers: { 'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar' },
    });

    xior:

    import axios from 'xior';
    const instance = axios.create({
    baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
    timeout: 1000,
    headers: { 'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar' },
    });

    axios:

    import axios from 'axios';

    const axiosInstance = axios.create({
    baseURL: 'https://apiexampledomian.com/api',
    });

    const { data, headers } = await axiosInstance.get('/');

    console.log(headers['X-Header-Name']);

    xior:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const xiorInstance = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://apiexampledomian.com/api',
    });

    const { data, headers } = await xiorInstance.get('/');

    console.log(headers.get('X-Header-Name'));

    axios:

    import axios from 'axios';
    import fs from 'fs';

    // GET request for remote image in Node.js
    axios({
    method: 'get',
    url: 'https://bit.ly/2mTM3nY',
    responseType: 'stream',
    }).then(function (response) {
    response.data.pipe(fs.createWriteStream('ada_lovelace.jpg'));
    });

    // For browser
    axios({
    method: 'get',
    url: 'https://bit.ly/2mTM3nY',
    responseType: 'blob',
    }).then(function (response) {
    // create file link in browser's memory
    const href = URL.createObjectURL(response.data);

    // create "a" HTML element with href to file & click
    const link = document.createElement('a');
    link.href = href;
    link.setAttribute('download', 'file.pdf'); //or any other extension
    document.body.appendChild(link);
    link.click();

    // clean up "a" element & remove ObjectURL
    document.body.removeChild(link);
    URL.revokeObjectURL(href);
    });

    xior:

    // Node.js
    import xior from 'xior';
    const axios = xior.create();

    axios
    .get('https://bit.ly/2mTM3nY', {
    responseType: 'stream',
    })
    .then(async function ({ response, config }) {
    const buffer = Buffer.from(await response.arrayBuffer());
    return writeFile('ada_lovelace.jpg', buffer);
    });

    // For browser
    xior
    .get('https://d2l.ai/d2l-en.pdf', {
    headers: {
    Accept: 'application/pdf',
    },
    responseType: 'blob',
    })
    .then((res) => {
    const { data: blob } = res;
    var url = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob);
    var a = document.createElement('a');
    a.href = url;
    a.download = 'filename.pdf';
    document.body.appendChild(a); // we need to append the element to the dom -> otherwise it will not work in firefox
    a.click();
    a.remove(); //afterwards we remove the element again
    });

    axios:

    import axios from 'axios';
    import { Readable } from 'stream';

    const http = axios.create();

    async function getStream(url: string, params: Record<string, any>) {
    const { data } = await http.get(url, {
    params,
    responseType: 'stream',
    });
    return data;
    }

    xior:

    import axxios from 'xior';
    import { Readable } from 'stream';

    const http = axios.create();

    async function getStream(url: string, params: Record<string, any>) {
    const { response } = await http.get(url, {
    params,
    responseType: 'stream',
    });
    const stream = convertResponseToReadable(response);
    return stream;
    }

    function convertResponseToReadable(response: Response): Readable {
    const reader = response.body.getReader();
    return new Readable({
    async read() {
    const { done, value } = await reader.read();
    if (done) {
    this.push(null);
    } else {
    this.push(Buffer.from(value));
    }
    },
    });
    }

    fetch:

    async function logMovies() {
    const response = await fetch('http://example.com/movies.json?page=1&perPage=10');
    const movies = await response.json();
    console.log(movies);
    }

    xior:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'http://example.com',
    });
    async function logMovies() {
    const { data: movies } = await http.get('/movies.json', {
    params: {
    page: 1,
    perPage: 10,
    },
    });
    console.log(movies);
    }

    POST

    fetch:

    // Example POST method implementation:
    async function postData(url = '', data = {}) {
    // Default options are marked with *
    const response = await fetch(url, {
    method: 'POST', // *GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
    mode: 'cors', // no-cors, *cors, same-origin
    cache: 'no-cache', // *default, no-cache, reload, force-cache, only-if-cached
    credentials: 'same-origin', // include, *same-origin, omit
    headers: {
    // 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    // 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
    },
    redirect: 'follow', // manual, *follow, error
    referrerPolicy: 'no-referrer', // no-referrer, *no-referrer-when-downgrade, origin, origin-when-cross-origin, same-origin, strict-origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin, unsafe-url
    body: JSON.stringify(data), // body data type must match "Content-Type" header
    });
    return response.json(); // parses JSON response into native JavaScript objects
    }

    postData('https://example.com/answer', { answer: 42 }).then((data) => {
    console.log(data); // JSON data parsed by `data.json()` call
    });

    xior:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'http://example.com',
    });

    http
    .post(
    '/answer',
    { answer: 42 },
    {
    mode: 'cors', // no-cors, *cors, same-origin
    cache: 'no-cache', // *default, no-cache, reload, force-cache, only-if-cached
    credentials: 'same-origin', // include, *same-origin, omit
    headers: {
    // 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    // 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
    },
    redirect: 'follow', // manual, *follow, error
    referrerPolicy: 'no-referrer', // no-referrer, *no-referrer-when-downgrade, origin, origin-when-cross-origin, same-origin, strict-origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin, unsafe-url
    }
    )
    .then(({ data }) => {
    console.log(data);
    });

    fetch:

    const controller = new AbortController();
    const signal = controller.signal;
    const url = 'video.mp4';

    const downloadBtn = document.querySelector('#download');
    const abortBtn = document.querySelector('#abort');

    downloadBtn.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    try {
    const response = await fetch(url, { signal });
    console.log('Download complete', response);
    } catch (error) {
    console.error(`Download error: ${error.message}`);
    }
    });

    abortBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    controller.abort();
    console.log('Download aborted');
    });

    xior:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create();

    const controller = new AbortController();
    const signal = controller.signal;
    const url = 'video.mp4';

    const downloadBtn = document.querySelector('#download');
    const abortBtn = document.querySelector('#abort');

    downloadBtn.addEventListener('click', async () => {
    try {
    const response = await http.get(url, { signal });
    console.log('Download complete', response);
    } catch (error) {
    console.error(`Download error: ${error.message}`);
    }
    });

    abortBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
    controller.abort();
    console.log('Download aborted');
    });

    fetch:

    fetch('https://example.com', {
    credentials: 'include',
    });

    xior:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create();

    http.get('https://example.com', {
    credentials: 'include',
    });

    fetch:

    async function upload(formData) {
    try {
    const response = await fetch('https://example.com/profile/avatar', {
    method: 'PUT',
    body: formData,
    });
    const result = await response.json();
    console.log('Success:', result);
    } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error:', error);
    }
    }

    const formData = new FormData();
    const fileField = document.querySelector('input[type="file"]');

    formData.append('username', 'abc123');
    formData.append('avatar', fileField.files[0]);

    upload(formData);

    xior:

    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create({
    baseURL: 'https://example.com',
    });

    async function upload(formData) {
    try {
    const { data: result } = await http.put('/profile/avatar', formData);
    console.log('Success:', result);
    } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error:', error);
    }
    }

    const formData = new FormData();
    const fileField = document.querySelector('input[type="file"]');

    formData.append('username', 'abc123');
    formData.append('avatar', fileField.files[0]);

    upload(formData);

    fetch:

    async function* makeTextFileLineIterator(fileURL) {
    const utf8Decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
    const response = await fetch(fileURL);
    const reader = response.body.getReader();
    let { value: chunk, done: readerDone } = await reader.read();
    chunk = chunk ? utf8Decoder.decode(chunk) : '';

    const newline = /\r?\n/gm;
    let startIndex = 0;
    let result;

    while (true) {
    const result = newline.exec(chunk);
    if (!result) {
    if (readerDone) break;
    const remainder = chunk.substr(startIndex);
    ({ value: chunk, done: readerDone } = await reader.read());
    chunk = remainder + (chunk ? utf8Decoder.decode(chunk) : '');
    startIndex = newline.lastIndex = 0;
    continue;
    }
    yield chunk.substring(startIndex, result.index);
    startIndex = newline.lastIndex;
    }

    if (startIndex < chunk.length) {
    // Last line didn't end in a newline char
    yield chunk.substr(startIndex);
    }
    }

    async function run() {
    for await (const line of makeTextFileLineIterator(urlOfFile)) {
    processLine(line);
    }
    }

    run();

    xior:

    Good to Know: add {responseType: 'stream'} options will tell xior no need process response, and return original response in format {response}

    import xior from 'xior';

    const http = xior.create();

    async function* makeTextFileLineIterator(fileURL) {
    const utf8Decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
    const { response } = await http.get(fileURL, { responseType: 'stream' });
    const reader = response.body.getReader();
    let { value: chunk, done: readerDone } = await reader.read();
    chunk = chunk ? utf8Decoder.decode(chunk) : '';

    const newline = /\r?\n/gm;
    let startIndex = 0;
    let result;

    while (true) {
    const result = newline.exec(chunk);
    if (!result) {
    if (readerDone) break;
    const remainder = chunk.substr(startIndex);
    ({ value: chunk, done: readerDone } = await reader.read());
    chunk = remainder + (chunk ? utf8Decoder.decode(chunk) : '');
    startIndex = newline.lastIndex = 0;
    continue;
    }
    yield chunk.substring(startIndex, result.index);
    startIndex = newline.lastIndex;
    }

    if (startIndex < chunk.length) {
    // Last line didn't end in a newline char
    yield chunk.substr(startIndex);
    }
    }

    async function run() {
    for await (const line of makeTextFileLineIterator(urlOfFile)) {
    processLine(line);
    }
    }

    run();

    Star History Chart

    Without the support of these resources, xior wouldn't be possible: